Nelson Mandela - Long Walk to Freedom - 2260 Words

Nelson Mandela in his book, Long Walk to Freedom argues through the first five parts that a black individual must deal, coop, and grow through a society that is hindering their lives#8217; with apartheid and suppression of their rightful land. Rolihlanla Mphakanyiswa or clan name, Madiba was born on July 18, 1918 in a simple village of Mvezo, which was not accustomed to the happenings of South Africa as a whole. His father was an respected man who led a good life, but lost it because of a dispute with the magistrate. While, his mother was a hard-working woman full of daily choirs. His childhood was full of playing games with fellow children and having fun. In school, Mandela was given his English name of Nelson. After his†¦show more content†¦As the ANC grew, Nelson also became well known. He was part of the Youth League, another beneficial part of the ANC. Nelson was not president yet, but was powerful enough to voice is opinions, which many people listened to and b elieved in. As Nelson#8217;s political involvement grew, the police became more aware of him. Nelson received ban after ban, which ranged from months to years. He also experienced jail time constantly. Eventually, the police#8217;s pursuit of him forced him to go underground. Nelson was also becoming more open-minded. He now believed that the fight should involve the Indians and the Coloureds. He also believed that Communism did have some good points, but he would never accept the whole communism aspect. There were many freedom fighters in South Africa. One that stood out was Dr. Xuma. Dr. Xuma was friend of Nelson and the president of the ANC, but the struggle forces many hardships on one#8217;s life. Nelson gave everything up to pursue his fight for freedom. He left his family, his prospering law firm, and his past for the struggle. Dr. Xuma believed in the same ideas as Nelson, but would not give up his prominence with the whites and his wealthy occupation for the st ruggle. This decision had to be made by many freedom fighters. Nelson gave his life for the fight. While, Dr. Xuma thought his career was more important. Now letShow MoreRelatedLong Walk And Freedom By Robert Nelson Mandela1110 Words   |  5 Pages Long Walk to Freedom, released in 1995, is a biographical story about the revolutionary and former South African President Nelson Mandela. The book narrates how Mandela becomes a remarkable leader in the construction of a democratic South Africa. It chronicles his early life, growing up, education and his 27 years in prison before becoming President and working to rebuild the country s segregated society. Mandela begins his book with a description of his ancestry and later goes on to talk aboutRead MoreNelson Mandela - Long Walk to Freedom Analysis Essay2976 Words   |  12 PagesLong Walk to Violence The path that lead Nelson Mandela to violence and the effects of his decision Aside from his loose Communist ties, Nelson Mandela’s use of violence was the only internationally questioned aspect of his struggle for freedom in South Africa. Most modern societies, Americans in particular, view acts of violence as inherently evil. They look to leaders such as Gandhi and Martin Luther King who brought change through nonviolent protest. However, the governments these leadersRead MoreLong Walk to Freedom by Nelson MandelaÂâ€" Book Review Essay1808 Words   |  8 PagesLong Walk to Freedom by Nelson MandelaÂâ€" Book Review Â…calm, patient determination to reclaim this country as your own, and now the joy that we can loudly proclaim from the rooftops--Free at last! Free at last! ... This is a time to heal the old wounds and build a new South Africa. Nelson Mandela fought his entire life. Nelson Mandela fought a fight for civil rights in South Africa on the streetsRead MoreShort Summary Of Nelson Mandela s Long Walk On Freedom 2483 Words   |  10 PagesElon Fiol May 13, 2015 â€Å"Long Walk to Freedom† â€Å"I hate race discrimination most intensely and in all its manifestations. I have fought it all during my life; I fight it now, and will do so until the end of my days.† Nelson Mandela. He was birthed into greatness and it is safe to say that he was a publicly acclaimed leader for his great efforts during the Apartheid in South Africa. Many would identify a leader in many ways but, the most important aspect of leadership is toRead MoreNelson Mandela Prisoner to Freedom Essay552 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"As I walked out the door toward the gate that would lead to my freedom, I knew if I didn’t leave my bitterness and hatred behind, I’d still be in prison† (Mandela). In recent times, since Mandela’s death, his renowned views on leadership have been of great debate around the world. To most, he was the first president of South Africa, a respected and courageous leader, but before that he was a convicted terrorist. His â€Å"hatred for the oppre ssor† taught him to forgive and forget and to emerge from prisonRead MoreNelson Mendela: A Promiment Hero Essay767 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"It always seems impossible until it’s done.† Nelson Mandela is a renowned African leader and is known for advocating love, peace and unity. Nelson was keen for transforming a model of racial separation and oppression into an open democracy. In his time, Nelson served a significant role as former president of South Africa during the Apartheid era. Before he became a hero, he underwent overwhelming obstacles. Nelson spent 27 years in prison not for a murder or act of genocide he committed, but forRead Morenelson mandela is my hero1351 Words   |  6 PagesNelson Mandela Nelson Mandela, a true hero in this controversial world or just another politician? Was his 27 years of imprisonment for standing up against his nations government, which did not support human rights, equality and world poverty, something the country of Africa should be proud about? As disappointing as it might seem, the answer is a straight and simple, no. Nelson Mandela, my hero, the man that everyone knows, that conquered black domination in Africa, that healed his countriesRead MoreNelson Mandela Essay920 Words   |  4 Pages As Nelson Mandela said, â€Å"Everyone can rise above their circumstances and achieve success if they are dedicated to and passionate about what they do.† A champion of civil rights, a voice for the oppressed, and a strong anti-apartheid activist, Nelson Mandela is one of the most revered and recognizable names from recent years. He dedicated his entire life to serving others, both in his personal and political life. There were social, economic, and cultural influences on Nelson Mandela which affectedRead MoreNelson Mandelas Fight for Freedom1646 Words   |  7 Pagesdrinking from the wrong water fountain; where just because of your skin color, you get paid less money than your neighbor who has the same job; where you can’t even walk on the same sidewalk just because of the pigment in your skin. For Nelson Mandela, this situation was a reality. This style of living began in 1948 and, thanks to Mandela, ended in 1994. Problems began when the National Party---dominated by Afrikaans-speaking descendants of the Dutch settlers—came to power in South Africa. SegregationRead More Nelson Mandela Essay examples1070 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"There is no easy walk to freedom anywhere, and many of us will have to pass through the valley of the shadow of death again and again before we reach the mountain top of our desires†. These are the words of a man, Nelson Mandela, who fought for something that many would shy away from. He led the anti-apartheid movement, became the president of the African National Congress Youth League, and later became the president of South Africa winning the Nobel Peace Prize. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;1942

Compare and contrast The Man He Killed by Thomas Hardy and the The Charge Of The Light Brigade by Alfred, Lord Tennyson Essay Example For Students

Compare and contrast The Man He Killed by Thomas Hardy and the The Charge Of The Light Brigade by Alfred, Lord Tennyson Essay Many poets have chosen to write on controversial topic of war. Some are in favour of it and some are strongly apposed to it. Poets often choose to write about war to show the true human suffering that goes on. A good example of a poem that shows the pointlessness and sadness of war is The Man He Killed by Thomas Hardy. On the other hand, other poets have a patriotic view of war and like to show that dying for your country is honourable. A poem that celebrates soldiers bravery in battle but also shows horror of war is Tennysons poem The Charge Of The Light Brigade. It is interesting to compare the difference in the poets approaches. The Charge Of The Light Brigade describes a disastrous cavalry charge that took place during the Battle of Balaclava. It was based on the war known as Eastern War in Russia or in UK it is known as Crimean war, which took place between 1853 till 1856. Britain and France were together and they were both fighting Russia. He was the Poet Laureate. This meant that he wrote poems celebrating occasions of national importance and honouring the royal family. His poem dealt with a range of themes. Most of his poems celebrated war and shows in the whole pile of poems (The Charge of the light brigade is one of them) that dying for your country is honourable. The cavalry was given the wrong order my mistake and as they charged towards the Russians cannons they were cut down. We sense that Tennyson believed that we should celebrate and honour the brave men that gave up their life during the event but we also feel the horror and sadness of war. Honour the charge they made. On the other hand, Hardys methods are very different. In The Man He Killed Hardy presents a dramatic monologue in which the speaker is reflecting on killing another and we hear how he thinks war is futile as results oh him killing a man. He says that in a different circumstances things might have been different and instead o fighting a man he might have shared a drink with it. Hardys poem was based on the Boer War. This war took place between 1899 and 1902. The countries which took part, in the war were Britain who took on the Republic of South Africa. Britain declared War which made Hardy more devastated. During the charge of the The Charge Of The Light Brigade there is a lot of elevated and glorious language used in the poem. When can their glory fade? This showed that Alfred lord Tennyson believed that these brave men put their life and soul into trusting their military. Another way the reader enforces his elevated language is when he says Honour the charge they made, Honour the Light Brigade. Here Tennyson is trying to show us how noble and faithfully this cavalry was. There are many images we get from reading his poem. Thomas Hardy felt affronted and abhorrence for the loss of life in wars which he then reflected in his poem The Man He Killed. Late in his life he became more devoted because Germany looked as if they were going to attack Britain. Came thro the jaws of Death shows that only a few men survived the certain death but sadly many died. That statement can also be looked as a personification to the reader. All in the valley of Death gives a strong and powerful image in the readers mind. Poetry Comparision - Coming Home EssayThe last stanza is the shortest because the poet is telling his own point of view. The poem has a first syllable which has more of a stress than the next two this is called a dactylic rhythm. Each stanza varies in length, which gives it irregularity. This poem also uses enjambment. The Charge Of The Light Brigade uses fewer caesuras. This shows that the cavalry are really focused and not having any doubts about what they have been ordered to do but instead following the orders. The Charge Of The Light Brigade has an uneven rhyme scheme. Only a few lines rhyme with each other and it is not constant throughout the poem. A good example of this is Half a league, half a league. The first word has more stress and emphasis on it and you put less on the next two words. So in this case half has a strong emphasis and a league does not have as much. The dactylic rhythm mimics the galloping action of the horses. There are two very different attitudes expressed by each of the poets, one showing futile and disgust at the very thought of a war and the other showing delight and celebrations and the implying that someone that dies for their country is a very honourable and you will not be forgotten easily. The attitude expressed by Hardy is very clear and simple. War is very futile and there should not be loss of death for foolish things. Yes; quaint and curious war is! This shows how Hardy thinks about war and when he says this line he is really addressing the reader. When he says curious he is being sarcastic to reveal his belief that war is ridiculous and futile. The theme in The Charge Of The Light Bridge is pride. In this poem Tennyson tells the reader to be proud, and even though there was a complete military blunder Tennyson still makes armed forces. Tennyson mixes powerful actions with powerful imagery; he uses the words Volleyd, thunderd, plungd, reeld, and stormd. This gives powerful images and violent verbs are used in our final stanza having getting the readers emotions. The reader becomes involved in the poem in the final stanza, as we are addressed directly: Honour the charge they made. The first theme in The Man He Killed is war but the other one is brotherhood. After reflecting about the actions on the battlefield the speaker must deal with the nature of warfare. After settling his argument on why he killed the man, the stanza ends with the word although, indicating that there is more to be considered. He goes on in the next stanza to imagine how he and his victim are alike. But, perhaps because he is a simple countryman, and even though he realizes the man he killed was as human as himself, he cannot see the logical implications. The futility of this response is evident by the effort the speaker must make to reassure himself that he was justified in killing the enemy solider. Although he is relieved to find an explanation that seems to settle moral dilemma, doubts continues to trouble him: Just so-my foe of course he was; Thats clear enough; although. I prefer the poem The Charge of The Light Bridge because the point, which the poem is about that is exactly what I think about war. I believe that soldiers dying in a War should be honour and should never be forgotten. On the other hand we should also feel sorry for the loss of lives in a war. But thats how the thinks work.

Taking Control free essay sample

Cars are taking over. Now before you dismiss me as a lunatic who thinks automobiles want to rule the world, let me explain. They are taking over the role of the driver. The amount of driver replacing technologies proliferating through the auto industry is astronomical. Lane departure warnings, backup cameras and beepers, auto adjusting headlights, and now cars can even stop themselves! When did the chair in front of the steering wheel and pedals become a passenger seat? Modern vehicles are training drivers to detach from driving. I know who, or should I say what, is to blame for this travesty. It is the automatic transmission’s fault. I learned to drive in our family’s Volvo S70 and Acura MDX, both automatic equipped vehicles. But when the time came to purchase my own car my dad suggested I consider a manual, also known as a stick. This suggestion did not interest me in the slightest at first because there was sure to be a frustrating learning curve that would take months to get around. We will write a custom essay sample on Taking Control or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Six months later, I finally purchased my first car, a 2005 Nissan Sentra SE-R SpecV. Besides coming equipped with a tongue-twister of a name, this sporty sedan also came with a 6-speed manual transmission. By that time I had spent maybe an hour behind the wheel of a friend’s manual to learn the basic technique. But learning to drive my car constituted the first extended experience I had â€Å"rowing my own†. Much to my surprise, I was driving stick like a pro within a week. And now, I would not give up a manual for anything. A few months ago my younger sister bought her first car, a 5-speed wielding Kia Spectra5. We are now a house divided, the children driving manuals, and both my parents putting around in automatics. Let’s examine these two transmissions purely for mechanics. Manual transmissions use a driver actuated clutch that connects and disconnects the engine from the transmission. A system of gears actuated by a shift lever composes the gearbox. It’s a relatively simple and lightweight design. Automatic transmissions use a torque converter assembly to couple the engine to the gears. This system works using fluid coupling, and has fewer parts than a clutch. But the gearbox itself contains a jumble of planetary gear sets and clutch packs. The computer uses fluid based actuators to activate different clutches and change whether the sun, planetary, or ring gear is being driven, causing the automatic to shift. Sound complicated? Probably because it is. Manual transmissions have far fewer parts which means less can go wrong. It also produces a lighter assembly, which aids in the performance and efficiency categories. While the inner workings of cars fascinate me, the mechanics of a transmission are a little over the top for many people. But everyone knows how to have fun. The manual transmission creates a far more entertaining driving experience than an automatic. The driver has complete control over the gear selection in a manual. A driver can downshift, causing the engine rpms to jump and gain speed. Or they can go into stealth mode by shifting to higher gears and dropping the rpms low, making the vehicle soundless. Even on the big screen manuals beat automatics. Think about the Fast and Furious franchise. Where would they be without their repeated sequences of quick upshifts for more speed or downshifts to initiate a drift? In an automatic there are essentially three choices. Forward, park, and reverse. Choosing among those hardly constitutes exhilarating driving. Imagine the look on your friends’ faces as they cling to the door handles while you manually fly through gears and corners. Your expertise will surely impress them. True, this kind of dr iving is not as easy as the movies make it seem. An automatic is easier by far. Jump in and go, no hassle. A manual requires a certain amount of practice and skill, but so does riding a bicycle, and we all overcame that challenge. Log a few miles in a car with a stick and one becomes proficient at shifting. The â€Å"fun† choice in transmission is clearly the manual. However, cruising the open road is not always about fun and games. An enormous amount of responsibility goes with driving a car, and the danger you pose to yourself as well as to others when you shirk your duty behind the wheel is real. For safety, manuals are a clear winner as well. With an automatic, the simplicity of the driving task, and the degree to which the car can take over the driving operation encourages the driver to let his or her hands and mind wander to other things. Guys can be tempted to shave, tie a tie, and drink coffee while cruising to an early morning business meeting occupies our attention. Women tend to apply lipstick, mascara, and other beauty products. These operations can require taking your eyes off the road, a huge no-no in the safe drivers’ handbook. Manuals, however, require much more attention. Gears need to be changed and clutch pedals need to be pushed. The car will not shift by itself. And since the driver is forced to pay attention to the d riving process, these other distractions must wait. Though driving a manual may necessitate getting up earlier to finish getting ready for work, it is sleep well worth losing. In the end, the deciding factors are factors are power and efficiency. I feel that the manual most effectively combines both aspects. When one wants to accelerate quickly, a manual gearbox allows you to hold the gear longer, rising higher into the power curve of the engine. Or you can downshift, bringing the engine rpms up rapidly and gaining more power. If efficiency is your goal, simply shift earlier, and keep the rpms as low as possible. With a manual it is possible to have the best of both worlds. Automatics however can only really accomplish one of these tasks. The car’s computer tuning decides whether the transmission will strive for efficiency or power. If you are looking for efficiency though, modern day automatics have become incredibly mileage oriented, even to the point where some surpass manuals. And a well-tuned automatic can accelerate as quickly as a manual off the line. They are capable machines, but they lack the ability to multitask. When seeking the perfect blend of performance and efficiency, the manual takes the checkered flag. The difference between a manual and an automatic transmission is like the difference between baking your own cake and purchasing one from the store. Baking isn’t easy. It may take a few burned attempts or a crumbly, dry disaster before you get the delectable wedding worthy cake you had a craving for. But a certain pride goes into producing your own cake, just as pride goes into completely controlling your car. Even if it first comes at the cost of embarrassing stoplight stalls or a burned clutch. The real beauty in baking a cake though is in making it your very own. So the grocery store has 6 different flavors and 4 different frostings. Hey they even have sprinkles and chocolate shavings! But did you add a little extra sugar for sweetness? Did you subtract a little butter to spare your arteries? Or is your rum cake more rum than cake to make things interesting? Homemade cakes are one of a kind. They are made to fit your tastes, not a plastic container. Manuals allow you to cr aft your own driving style. Make it fast, make it fun, make it efficient, make it yours. Do not settle for an automatic’s preconceived notions about when you should shift. What makes it think it knows better than you? It is your oven, or your car. Auto manufacturers insist on taking away our ability to drive. You cannot go more than a mile without the â€Å"helpful† beeping of that collision prevention sensor from hell assaulting your ears. Believe me I know. The backup sensor in my family’s Ford Excursion beeps about 20 times a second if you are closer than 5 feet to some object, which happens in every parking lot, and yes it is as annoying as it sounds. Literally. It is time to take back control. The car thinks it knows better than we know, but as long as we sit in that driver’s seat, we will be the boss. Manuals are being phased out in favor of the automatic. Car salesmen everywhere say it is better this way, that automatics conserve power and efficiency without damaging the driving experience. They would be misinformed. Manuals offer more power, efficiency, and fun while maintaining safety. The battle for the driver rages on, and saving the manual is the key to winning it. Because, to quote Car and Dr iver’s Eddie Alterman, â€Å"Little boys asking their fathers, ‘Daddy what’s the third pedal for?’ makes baby Jesus cry.†

Borne By, Borne On, and Borne With

Borne By, Borne On, and Borne With Borne By, Borne On, and Borne With Borne By, Borne On, and Borne With By Maeve Maddox The English word bear has so many definitions and uses that it could provide fodder for several posts. This article is about the use of the past participle borne followed by a preposition. Here is the odd usage in my local newspaper that prompted this post: there’s blame to be borne on everyone. I looked on the Web to see if anyone else was using â€Å"borne on† in this way. I found these examples: [Lack of fresh food] leads to lower lifespans in these areas, higher healthcare costs borne on everyone and general malaise. And, we had people opting out of the system and waiting until they got sick to charge ER costs that were ultimately borne on everyone else.   If you have seen the documentary The Corporation, you will be familiar with the economics term externalities which are the external costs of any enterprise which are borne on everyone else but the enterprise itself. Today most people think that [the expense of] having children should be borne on everyone else. Blame and expense are borne by people, not on them. Here are examples of the correct use of borne followed by the prepositions with, on, and by: His wife has borne with his faults for fifty years. The returning war hero was borne on the shoulders of two burly police officers. The price increase was borne by consumers. Borne is more poetic than mere carried. Fitzgerald used the word in the closing line of The Great Gatsby: So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past. Borne often has the connotation that whatever is being carried–literally or figuratively– requires great effort: Over the casket the great flag that had draped it [was] held widespread in the hands of the eight petty officers who had borne the heavy weight to its place. She is a woman who  has borne disappointment  all her life. Borne is used as a suffix to create words that have the sense of being carried or distributed: Water-borne diseases are any illness caused by drinking water contaminated by human or animal faeces, which contain pathogenic microorganisms. High in the sky, water in clouds can act as a temptress to lure  airborne pollutants  such as sulfur dioxide into reactive aqueous particulates. The speaker who said, â€Å"There’s blame to be borne on everyone† was mixing up two ideas. Blame is placed on someone, but, once placed, blame is borne by the person blamed. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:16 Substitutes for â€Å"Because† or â€Å"Because Of†Expanded and Extended

Advantages of e-CRM systems Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Advantages of e-CRM systems - Coursework Example This involves first seeking the customer’s permission and providing them with an incentive, before targeting them with the organization’s given marketing message. E-CRM systems make it easy for organizations like Our Town Photography to engage in multiple relationships with multiple customers through the use of different opt-in and opt-out tools such as checking a box in an online form. E-CRM systems are essentially designed for this new form of marketing. Permission marketing ensures that the company only concentrates its marketing on customers who are interested. This leads to the second advantage of e-CRM systems: effective targeting. E-CRM systems keep records of those who have visited a web site and expressed an interest in the products or services offered by registering their name and other details. By sending marketing messages to this category of web visitors, Our Town Photography will receive higher response rates from its target customers. With the e-CRM tech nology, the company could further tailor its messages to customer micro-segments. With effective targeting, the overall cost of reaching customers also goes down. Firstly, it is cheaper to use electronic communication methods than physical ones. Secondly, with effective targeting the number of mail-outs is reduced ... These systems also support active information gathering from customers through tools such as online forums and communities, new product prototype evaluations and even customer-led innovations. List the specific data you would to store in your system Name Address Birth dates Purchase History Product or service recommendations made Gifts sent and received Anniversaries Hobbies and interests Gender Marital Status Post-sales service and/or product rating Research at least two e-CRM systems that are available and do a compare contrast between the two systems. List the advantages and disadvantages of each the system and create a side by side comparison matrix. Table 1: SugarCRM versus Microsoft Dynamics CRM Feature SugarCRM Corporate Microsoft Dynamics CRM Deployment On-premise or cloud-based On-premise and cloud-based Trial period 7 days 30 days Cost US$ 45/user/month US$ 44/user/month Databases -Client can opt to use SugarCRM datacenter or Client datacenter or third party datacenter -Off ers 30GB free -Client can use own datacenter or Microsoft Cloud datacenter -Offers 5GB free, client pays for extra storage Employee applications and channels -Unlimited customization options / based on Open Source standards -Proprietary system thus customization limited by vendor -Massive ecosystem of extensions developed by Open Source community found at SugarExchange for over 200 commercial extensions and SugarForge.org for over 800 free extensions -Seamless integration to Microsoft products -Integration with Outlook and Microsoft ERP is especially very appealing to small and medium businesses. -Full sales, marketing and support automation -Full sales, marketing and support automation -Email integration, reporting, team selling, collaboration tools, advanced security, workflow

Information Tech for Mgmt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Information Tech for Mgmt - Essay Example Therefore, working with big data should use systems for bulk data logging for better storage, management, security and federal compliance. The main focus is on the importance of using a data logging system that is made especially for bulk data storage and retrieval. But despite their availability, many still resort to basic log systems or spreadsheets, which are effective in small amounts of data, but may not be adequate when indexing many data, which could result to inconclusive results during a search (Olavsrud 2). Also, of the 207 respondents to the survey, only around half are concerned with big data management, and above half do not have sufficient tools to manage their large amounts of data (Olavsrud 1), and opportunities for growth can get bypassed as a result of non-upgrading. If ordinary logging systems are used, storage can be a problem, as well as filing, indexing and searches. In my opinion, it would be a good change for companies to resort to bulky data management systems, and upgrading their systems can help in making their work and data retrieval faster and more efficient. Lastly, if proper data management is used by these organizations, they could lessen chances of having their data leaked by integrating a security system along with their log management system solution. The upgrade’s benefits can be seen in the long run, especially to those that use previous data to come up with better work

PESTEL analysis and diamond theory of Cambodia

PESTEL analysis and diamond theory of Cambodia As a result of a worldwide competition being global is becoming more important for the companies. One good cause for the endless competition according to Daniels Radebaugh (1998) is that the global market is not large enough for all the companies. Anderson et al (1998) argue that the internationalisation is being more important due to borderless world. According to Daniels and Radebaugh (1998), there are several reasons for organisations to enter the global market today. The very first reason for going global is to expand sales. Sales dependent on two major factors: consumers interest in goods and services and the willingness or ability to buy those products. If theres a match of those two factors outside their home country, companies can get higher sale going global. Second factor is to acquire resources, when there is lack or inadequate resource in the home country; companies tend to move into global arena where they can seek out resources which can also help them reduce cost and getting competitive advantage. Third but not the least is for minimising the risk, diversifying sources of sales and suppliers by operating in different countries and different business cycles, helps businesses to reduce swings in sales and profit. Sales always decrease or dont grow much in a country that is in recession and sales increases in one that i s economically expanding. Example of Nestle in early 2000 shows that their sales was sluggish in Western Europe and United States but the growth in Asian, Eastern European and Latin American market was quite fast. Being in Apparel Industry of USA, it is very essential to do some research and study for finding out which country to select or which country is much better for the industry to operate smoothly and can give good returns. There are two known environmental factors which can affect the company, Internal and External. Internal environmental factor, to some extent can be controlled by the company being a internal one whereas the external environmental factors cant be controlled by the company itself. Such factors under external environment are Political, Economic, Socio-Cultural, Technological and Legal. So before selecting any country, it is necessary for conducting study on the various external environmental factors that may affect the company or can make negative impact. We have been proposed two different countries Turkey and Cambodia, where the Apparel Industry wants to expand its footprint. In order to get a clear picture for selecting the best country that is much suitable for expa nsion, PESTLE analysis and Diamond Analysis are more helpful strategic management tools we have that provides useful framework to analyze the environmental pressure on business. PEST Analysis of Cambodia POLITICAL LEGAL: Cambodia is one the developing countries of South East Asia, having constitutional monarchy with a multi party democracy and an elected government. No party got the proper majority in the elections held in July 2008, hence formed a coalition government. The constitution written in 1993 helped the country for a stable political environment in comparison of past decades of war and internal strife. Diplomatic relations with most countries have been established including the US. Cambodia has a membership of most major international organisations like UN, ASEAN, ADB, IMF, The World Bank and WTO. US-Cambodian bilateral relations have been deepened and broadened in past years. US has helped the country nearly $62 million through various USAID mission welfare programs. Economic: Cambodia has a GDP (2009) of $10.8 billion, Per Capita GDP (2009) of $731 and inflation (2009) of 4.5%. Garment, Textile and shoe manufacturing, rice milling, tobacco, fisheries and fishing, wood and wood products, cement, rubber, papers and food processing are major industrial sector of the country which hold 21.7% of GDP (2009 est.). Country has been able to export worth $3.9 billion in 2009 to its major partners like US, UK, Germany, Singapore, Japan etc. and has imported fuel, cigarette, vehicles, consumer goods, machinery worth $5.4 billion (2009).Sound macroeconomic policies, political stability, regional economic growth and government openness (100% share holding FDIs allowed) towards the investment has attracted growing number of investors, due to which FDI has increased 12 fold since 2004. Garment and tourism are the key industry which drove the countrys economy having sustainable 10% growth during 2004-2007. In 2009 during global recession, it was near zero, but i s considered that it will gain the momentum again in 2010. Infrastructure are not adequate, however road networks are improving rapidly. Corruption and lack of legal protection for investors are the two main reasons which may hamper economic opportunity and competitiveness. Socio-Cultural: Population of Cambodia (2008 census) is 13.4 million and 95% of those have faith in Theravada Buddhism and rest Islam, Christian etc. Country is a mixture of 90% Cambodians, 5% Vietnamese, 1% Chinese and others 4% ethnic groups. Cambodia has a literacy rate (2007) of 75.1% and Khmer is a first language spoken by 95% of population and English is increasing as a second language. Cambodians mainly eat rice and fish and they are known for silk and cotton weaving, silver work, silver and gold jewellery and basketry. Garment industries mostly comprise of female employees and the labour cost is very low $ 50 80 per month (NPRS PRF article). Turkey has the labour force (2003 est) of 7 million. Police and judicial systems are believed to be corrupt. Technology: Cambodia is way behind in their technological sector. As most of the FDIs have entered the country, they have also brought their own technology with them, so possibility of spill-over of the technological knowledge to the country can be seen. PEST Analysis of Turkey Political Legal: Turkey is a large and republic country having democratic, secular and parliamentary government system. Its first constitution was written in 1982 and was amended in 1987, 1995, 2001 and 2007. Referendum of October 2007 has made president more strong and powerful and the president is elected directly by voting. The politics and government of Turkey is considered to be stable. Economic: Turkey has a GDP (2009 est.) of $608 billion and GDP per capita (2009 est.) of $8,456. Inflation rate (2009 November) is 5.53%. Turkey had exported (2009 September) of $73.1 billion which comprises of textiles apparel industry, machinery, electronics, motor vehicles etc. and imported (2009 September) worth $99.9 billion of petroleum, machinery, vehicles, electronics, iron, steel, plastic and precious metals. Turkeys economy is moving from agricultural industrial to large and globalised services sector. It has opened its economy in 1980s and also signed customs union agreement with the European Union in 1995, and Turkey is also working hard to get the membership in EU. Instead of economic downturn, high unemployment rate and high inflation during 1990s, in the year 2001 it started recovering faster since then with an average of 6% per year due to the help and support from IMF and The World Bank. Turkeys economy has already attracted $18.3 billion net FDIs in 2008. However there are several disputes with the investors regarding high taxation, it has a number of bilateral investment and tax treaties as well with many countries including the US, which has guaranteed free repatriation of capital in convertible currencies and eliminate double transaction. Socio-Cultural: Turkey has a population of 76.8 million. Turkish, Kurdish are the major ethnic groups of which 99% are Muslims and rest of them are Christian, Bahai and Jewish. People in Turkey speak Turkish, Kurdish, Arabic, Armenian and Greek and has a work force of 24.4 million and 70% of the population live in urban areas of the country. Turkish law prohibits the labour of child under 15 years of age, however if they are 13 14 and are enrolled in school can do light and part time work. Technological: Turkey has various research institutions and organisation which are focused on RD along with many ancient Technical universities which is benefiting the country in advancement of technology such as telephone lines, mobile phones, radio stations, television stations and Internet. Turkey is famous for its telecommunication development. Possible Impact of the environmental factors PEST analysis reveals that there lie some similarities and some differences in each of the environmental factors of both the countries. We may examine that politically at the moment both Cambodia and Turkey have stable governments even if they had violence and disturbances in the political situation of the country in the past. Both the countries have maintained good relationship with the United States and have also invested a lot in both countries. Both have open economy allowing other nations to come and do business in their country using their available resources such as land labour etc. Having a stable and sound political environment is always a boon for both the host and the home nation for starting any business. Economic analysis reveals that Turkey is way ahead than Cambodia. GDP of Turkey is 60 times bigger than Cambodia, which means there is a sound economic environment for doing business. If we have a look on the exports and imports sector, Turkey is doing pretty good. From the apparel industrys point of view, in both the countries, Garment and Textile industries are flourishing since long time and have aided the economy of both the countries with positive effect. As we can see that the number of FDIs in Cambodia have increased very dramatically (12 fold since 2004) in very short time, it may be due to the reason Cambodia due has a very low cost labour. Also, Turkey has been able to attract a lot of FDIs in their country. Turkey has signed customs union with EU and also has bilateral treaties with US, it may help Apparel industry to have much competitive advantage. Having sound and stable economy is very much helpful for any business who wants to expand and in these criteria both countri es have 50-50 chances of selection. Socially and culturally, both the countries are very different. Cambodia is considered as a Buddhist country and Turkey has 99% population of Muslim religion. People in Turkey are much educated or have higher literacy rate than Cambodia. Technological environment has also got much difference in both the countries. Turkey in comparison to Cambodia is much advanced. In Cambodia, the FDIs which have started their operation are transferring their technological knowledge to the country, whereas Turkey has developed much in telecommunication and textile industry. Turkey used to import the textile machinery from Germany, but recently they have begun manufacturing on its own from small to medium sized companies involved in manufacturing. According to German Engineering Federation Textiles Machinery Association, German textile machinery exports had gone down by 62% in 2008 as compared with 2007. So, we can see the development in technology in Turkey is much more than Cambodia. Porters Diamond Theory: We can use the Diamond model of Michael Porter to assess the viability of both the countries. Classical theories of international trade and business propose that comparative advantage lie in the factor endowments that any country has got. Those factor endowments include, Land, Natural resources, labour and the size of local population. Porter argued that a nation creates new advanced factor endowments such as skilled labour, a strong technology and knowledge base, government support and the culture. Porters diamond model consists of four major aspects 1) Factor Conditions 2) Demand Conditions 3) Related and supporting Industries and 4) firms strategy, structure and rivalry which creates competitive advantage amongst the nations and now there are two additional variables 1) Government and 2) chance also influence the system. Factor of condition: It represents the position of factor of production, input which is necessary to compete in any industries, which are Land, Labour, Capital, Infrastructure, Natural resources etc. Appleyard and Field (2001) argue that all the classical theories in trade rest on the factors of production for example Adam Smiths absolute advantage, David Recardos Comparative advantage and Hechesher-Ohlin theorem etc. If we compare Cambodia and Turkey, Turkey has the competitive advantage over Cambodia due to these factors of productions discussed above. Turkey is a large country, have huge population, huge work force (unskilled and semiskilled), good infrastructure and more capital than Cambodia, so Turkey gains the high priority for any business willing to go global. Demand Condition: It represents the demand condition for the industrys products or services in the local and global market. As it is revealed through PEST analysis, that both the countries are doing pretty good in textile and garment industry, attracting and encouraging the investors to come and invest because there is a huge demand of this industry worldwide, because of the cheap labour in Cambodia and Location factor of Turkey. Both countries are different in creating demand conditions. Turkey has got huge potential than Cambodia. Related and Supporting industries: Third determinant of national advantage in an industry is to have suppliers and related industries which can give the industry a competitive advantage. If local supporting industries are competitive, any business can enjoy the cost effectiveness. Scanning both the countries, we can find out that, Cambodia has least supporting industries than of Turkey. Turkey is developing and has many textile machinery manufacturers currently, if business needs, they dont have to look outside the country and also they can save much cost over it which gives some competitive advantage of low cost leadership in comparison to the countries where businesses have to import the machinery at higher cost and taxes. Firms Strategy, Structure and Rivalry: As this factor clearly says that, strategy of businesses operating in the country, its structure and the rivalry or competition amongst them creates competitive advantage of the nation. While doing PEST, we saw the trend of FDIs going to both the country is very much increasing, hence, this factor is growing. Various international firms operating there are teaching the countries how they do business back home, which is adding something to the country. Both the countries are learning from the investors. The huge attraction in the garment, textile and apparel industry has also increased rivalry among the businesses, which is considered good because it increases pressure to improve and innovate on what they are doing, which helps nation to get advantage. We can find out that Turkey is dominant in this factor than Cambodia. Government and Chance: Chance events are developed in the period of time by new innovations, new technologies, positive political developments and shifts in foreign demand, where any nation can capitalise using this chance to get the competitive advantage amongst the nation. Government on the other hand is also equally important to be considered because it can improve or detract from the national advantage due to the policies which may influence (negative and positive) on each of the determinants of diamond model discussed above. In the case of Cambodia and Turkey, both the countrys government are interested in attracting more FDIs in their country and have opened their economy which we can see in the GDP growth rate of both countries reflect it and can compare the two nations which one is more attractive. Market entry mode for foreign business: Making decision of how to enter the market or the country for business is so crucial and can have significant impact on the business. There are various modes of entry into international marketing such as the Internet (use of internet or e-commerce), Exporting (direct sale of domestically produced goods), Contracting, Licensing, International Agents and Distributors (use of distributors for selling goods), Strategic Alliances (joining hand with the competitor), Joint Ventures, Mergers and Acquisitions, FDIs etc. Some of them are discussed below and we will examine which mode will be much suitable for our apparel industry to enter both Cambodia and Turkey. Licensing: This entry mode permits a company in the target company for using its technology, brand, expertise, where the organisation charges a fee or royalty for that use. Licensor has to invest very little, but it has got a huge potential of providing very large return on investment. Licensing includes franchising, turnkey contracts and contract manufacturing . We can have examples of franchising strategy applied McDonalds restaurant, Coffee Republic and Dominos Pizza entering into the target country. Joint Ventures: In this entry mode foreign business selects a local business and invests some shares in it. Doing so, both the firms share the risk and the rewards while doing business, their technology and the government regulations and other legal obligations imposed in the country. In some countries there is a legal requirement to have local partner to do business by any foreign company with limited number of shares. Foreign Direct Investment: In FDI, business has the direct ownership of facilities in the target country. They open wholly new subsidiary (Greenfield investment) or they can use Merger and Acquisition strategy. In this they have to transfer their resources such as capital, technology and the skilled personnel. In this kind of entry mode, business has a high degree of control in the operations. Best entry mode: Cambodia: As we did the PEST and Diamond analysis of the country, we can see various factors that may affect the operation of the business. Cambodian government are flexible enough to get the foreign business to come and start up a business and the foreign and local apparel and textile industry are also flourishing in the country due to the low cost labour available in the country. For Cambodia, we can have a licensing mode of entry; because there are still many things need to be improved in the country such as labour skills, government fiscal and monetary policy, infrastructure and technology. If the business adopts the licensing entry strategy, business will have less risk due to various factors like, language problem, exchange rate risk, labour obligations, and government regulations. Turkey: For Turkey, we can propose the FDI form of entry in the market. Instead of opening a wholly new subsidiary, company can think of acquiring or merging with the local firm already established and doing considerable business, which will help the company to gain the existing customers, market, talent of the company. As we have seen the trend of FDI going to Turkey, which has increased tremendously in the recent years, because of the less risk and the market is growing enormously in comparison to the neighbouring countries and the demand for apparels and textiles produced in Turkey is also quite high so the company will not have to invest much of their time to create the environment as it is already created. Government is also flexible enough for the FDIs and the political stability will help, pool of skilled labour availability will also help reducing cost of transferring the knowledge from US to Turkey where as it is quite high in case of Cambodia.