Kurds - A People Without a State Essay -- Culture Kurds History Essays

Kurds - A People Without a State Introduction Of all the ethnic groups in the world, the Kurds are one of the largest that has no state to call their own. According to historian William Westermann, "The Kurds can present a better claim to race purity...than any people which now inhabits Europe." (Bonner, p. 63, 1992) Over the past hundred years, the desire for an independent Kurdish state has created conflicts mainly with the Turkish and Iraqi populations in the areas where most of the Kurds live. This conflict has important geographical implications as well. The history of the Kurdish nation, the causes for these conflicts, and an analysis of the situation will be discussed in this paper. History of the Kurds The Kurds are a Sunni Muslim people living primarily in Turkey, Iraq, and Iran. The 25 million Kurds have a distinct culture that is not at all like their Turkish, Persian, and Arabic neighbors (Hitchens, p. 36, 1992). It is this cultural difference between the groups that automatically creates the potential for conflict. Of the 25 million Kurds, approximately 10 million live in Turkey, four million in Iraq, five million in Iran, and a million in Syria, with the rest scattered throughout the rest of the world (Bonner, p. 46, 1992). The Kurds also have had a long history of conflict with these other ethnic groups in the Middle East, which we will now look at. The history of Kurds in the area actually began during ancient times. However, the desire for a Kurdish homeland did not begin until the early 1900’s, around the time of World War I. In his Fourteen Points, President Woodrow Wilson promised the Kurds a sovereign state (Hitchens, p. 54, 1992). The formation of a Kurdish state was supposed to have been accomplished through the Treaty of Sevres in 1920 which said that the Kurds could have an independent state if they wanted one (Bonner, p. 46, 1992). With the formation of Turkey in 1923, Kemal Ataturk, the new Turkish President, threw out the treaty and denied the Kurds their own state. This was the beginning of the Turkish-Kurdish conflict. At about this same time, the Kurds attempted to establish a semi-independent state, and actually succeeded in forming the Kingdom of Kurdistan, which lasted from 1922-1924; later, in 1946, some of the Kurds established the Mahabad Republic... ... seem very willing to give up their territory to the Kurds. The plan of the PUK has a small chance to work, assuming that guerrilla tactics would scare the Iraqi government. By simply holding out, the Kurds would gain nothing, because the Iraqis are not threatened by the Kurds per se. However, by attacking the Iraqis, the Kurds run the risk of a counterattack which they probably could not effectively deal with. Basically, that would make the situation for the Kurds even worse than before. Conclusion Without the support of a large powerful nation such as the U.S., the Kurds will probably never establish an independent Kurdish state. The Kurds do not have enough military power to fight off the Turks and Iraqis without help. The Iraqis and Turks would not be willing to give up their economically important territory to people which they perceive a "threat" to their way of life and will most likely continue to fight the Kurds. The Kurds have no choice but to continue fighting until either they or the Turks and Iraqis are defeated, as both groups are unwilling to allow them to remain in their countries. The future definitely looks bleak for the Kurds.

Marketing Assignment on Apple

Marketing Principles Task B 24 – 11 – 11 By Ayesh Goburdhun A. Define your product The product chosen for this assignment will be a laptop, the Macbook Pro by Apple. The product is a personal computer that can be used for communicating with people or whoever, working on different kinds of software, listening to music and mostly to go on the Internet with the rising of the social networking websites. Apple Computers Inc. s an American multinational corporation, who was established in 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne. Steve Jobs, the Chairman and CEO of Apple is one of the world’s most successful businessmen today, his management style and his charisma brought the firm from a starting company to a global force to be reckoned with. Apple Computers Inc. designs and markets consumer electronics, computer software, and personal computers. The company's best-known hardware products include the Macintosh line of computers, the iPod, the iPhone and the iPad.To describe further the product, we have to answer to the question: What is the consumer really buying  ? The Macbook pro is based on superior quality materials that will allow faster actions and will permit the entertainment of its users over time without being bored and can be classified as a premium category of products that are not easily affordable. The Macbook Pro is based on the newest technologies on the market; it offers the best design of any kind of computers or portable engine that are actually called â€Å"innovative† on the market.So, we can say that the Macbook Pro offers great satisfactions to its customers and further, it is composed of usefull softwares that are already integrated and very powerful. The Macintosh comes with the latest brand of Operating System that the company developped in the past decades to improve the pleasure of the users, so that they woudn’t be outdated. Moreover, the Laptop is compatible with all devices at home, based on a new technology called â€Å"plug n play†, no complicated installations are required and the system works with any kind of operating system already install, even competitors.When people think about Apple and Mac they automatically think and talk about a problem-solving product, indeed, the Laptop offers a level of security that haven’t been hacked yet whereas its major competitor: Windows, the first provider of personal computers on the market. It is, of course, implied that the Macbook is running on the tardiest best performing computers’ components. Because the company builds both the computer and the software that comes with it, reliability is the first purpose, this means that a Macbook rarely freezes or crashes.Occasionally an application might quit, but it won’t affect the rest of the system. And the operating system resists mostly to anything, so everyone can do anything without worrying about losing everything. Apple Computer Inc. distributing the product proposes a variety of sizes and styling; the Macintosh Laptop is totally customizable and is forming part of the high standing computers on the actual market. For example, ladies could easily tend to buy pink Macbooks contrary to gentlemen who will choose the white or gray one.In addition, when people decide to buy a laptop they are principally attracted to the brand name, in this case, Apple that represents a very fashionish and stylish brand with a various types of stunning adverts and commercials. The packaging of the Apple brand is also one of the best in the market; it represents clearly the brand and adds an extra â€Å"something† to ensure the pleasure and delightfullness of the buyers opening the product bought.It is considered that Apple’s after sales service is one of the best, worlwidely speaking, indeed, the warranty applicable for each Apple products can be extended as much as the consumer wants or needs to. Further, when an Apple product is b roken the after sales service comes and replaces or repairs the item immediately if it is available in the stock. This is the principal reason why Apple is so good in the after sales services contrary to other competitors in the same sector.To classify the laptop, we can say that it forms part of a durable and tangible product, it can be used over and over with a great warranty period, and marketers would classify the Macbook Pro as a consumer product used for personal consumption. B. Provide and critically analyze definitions and components of segmentation Market segmentation can be define as the segmentation of markets into homogenous groups of customers, each of them reacting differently to promotion, communication, pricing and other variables of the marketing mix.Market segments should be formed in that way that differences between buyers within each segment are as small as possible. Thus, every segment can be addressed with an individually targeted marketing mix. Market segment ation is also an adaptive strategy, it consists of the partition of the market with the purpose of selecting one or more market segments which the organization can target through the development of specific marketing mixes that adapt to particular market needs.According to Kotler, P (1999), market segmentation means â€Å"the act of dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers who might require separate products and/or marketing mixes. † According to William J. Stanton, ‘Market segmentation is the process of dividing the total heterogeneous market for a good or service into several segments. Each of which tends to be homogeneous in all significant aspects. ’ In brief, market segmentation is important not only for creating consumers but also for satisfying them.Market segmentation helps matching the market opportunities to the resources of the corporations and enables them to face market competition effectively. For example, for the personal computers market t here are two segments, desktop computers and laptops. As for the desktop ones, they are mostly used by bureaucratic administration because they are less expensive for the same characteristics. Moreover, gamers also use desktop computers due to their fully customizable and upgradable components, whereas the laptops, which are considered as more mobile and practical, used principally by businessmen and tudents. In the segmentation of laptop, they are multipurpose laptops, multimedia laptops and laptops based on performance. In general, multimedia laptops are used to satisfy lower demands of customers who do not want to invest a huge amount of money because the demand is just for multimedia using like listenning to music, organizing pictures and web surfing. The components of this kind of laptop will be creating directly by the enterprise without subcontracting.Furthermore, multipurpose laptops are viewed as the middle class computers; they are principally used with basic softwares, fo r web surfing and all the multimedia stuff. The companies who build multipurpose laptops, used by middle class peoples, tend to subcontract in order to offer better performances and quality. Finally, the premium laptops are answering the demand of engineers, designers and professional who are in the need of very powerful and qualified product either for their work or their personal use.The characteritics of those laptops are generally a mix of components of the best-specialized industries on the market; this is why such laptops are very expensive. Niche markets are also present on the marketplace, answers to very high specific demands and tries to differentiate the company with its competitors. These markets are very small but the profit is real. In Mauritius, personal coaches are an example of niche marketing, concerning laptops; the Alienware brand is a niche market specialized to satisfy â€Å"hardcore† gamers.Concerning the Apple brand, we can talk about a geographic segm entation. For the line of Macintosh products, it can be segmented into regions; the company will not try to sell expensive laptops in poor countries such as Somalia or Afghanistan where the demand of theses products is totally nil. They will focus on ways to sell the product in big capitals or cities like New York, Paris or London, where the demand is constantly growing up. Shops, called Apple Store or iShops, are going to represent Apple worldwidely and has to fit in big commercials centers, or big buildings with great standards.All of these shops need to have the same organization, layouts, services and of course, same products. The client needs the impressions that they are communicating directly with Apple and not with a subcontracting agent. For example in Mauritius, Apple is franchised by Leal communications and informatics and the logo of the brand is not present in the Apple store shop based in Mauritius. The buyer must communicate directly with Apple and not with Leal (exce pt for after sales issues).The demographic segmentation is very important for the company, indeed, it will depends a lot on the age, gender, sexual orientation, family etc†¦We can assume that, as we saw before, persons that have a more feminine personnalities tend to buy Macbooks with pink colours. In addition, the age is a major factor, where students and young persons are more attracted to laptop such as the Macbook, whereas the elderlies who would prefer buying more expensive desktop towers, for example the iMac. It is clearly segmented in the way that Apple will try to sell Laptops, mp3s to the 18-30 and Tvs, iMac to elders +35.The enterprise is also willing to target wealthy persons, undoubtedly the products provided by them are classified as quite expensive and premium due to its very powerful components and noble made materials. As we saw earlier, the Macbook Pro is categorized in a high-standard category so the income and the psychographic segmentations are also importa nt where persons with extroverted personalites, fashion addicts and wealthy persons are targeted. People looking for the Macbook are persons willing for an advantages of buying it.If the product does not propose any kinds of benefits comparing to its competitors it won’t convice these persons for buying the product. The laptop presents a load of benefits like fully customizable, virusless, plug n play system etc†¦ Marketers assume that some customers are completely loyal to the brand that they like, they buy one brand all the time. Apple is one of the best example for these kind of buyers, indeed, the Apple fans are regardless of the functions or capacity of any kind of the Apple line of product, they are totally in confidence and are not affraid to pay whatever the price could be.They are almost waiting weeks in front of an Apple Store in order to be the first one to obtain a new Apple made product. This loyality is very rare but can be understand by the fact that the c ompany is very successful. In the recent years, Apple’s product are being seen by peolple as a brand of wealthiness and reliability. However, the segmentation is principally based on the demand of the customers and we can assume that this demand will grow in the coming years but if it is not there won’t be any kind of segmentations. Some market segments can disappear due to the evolution of the demand.For example, in the mail delivery market, some segments like post letter delivery services are starting to disappear due to a very fast growth of electronical technologies such as mailing, chatting, messaging etc†¦ Further, segmentation is impossible when  : 1. The size of the market is too small. 2. A brand is a dominant brand in the market. 3. More number of people falls in the same category. 4. The advertisement of each kind of product is too expensive. 5. The informations accumulated are completely wrong. C. Provide definitions and state the importance of targe ting and apply the concept to your productKotler, P (1999), stated that ‘target markets are a set of buyers sharing common needs or characteristics that the company decides to serve’. After a company has defined market segments, it can enter one or many segments of a given market. Kotler, P (1999), also says that ‘market targeting involves evaluating each market segment's attractiveness and selecting one or more segments to enter a company should target segments in which it has a differential advantage over its competitors; where it can generate the greatest customer value and sustain it over time. A company with limited resources might decide to serve only one or a few special segments; this strategy limits sales, but can be very profitable. Kotler, P (2002) stated that, to provide for a good market targeting, the firm has to evaluate the various segments and decide which ones to target. A principal concept in target marketing is that those who are targeted show a strong affinity or  brand loyalty  to that particular  brand. Target Marketing allows the marketer / sales team to customize their message to the targeted group of consumers in a more focused manner.In order to perform a good targeting, we have to answer to the questions: Who are our customers? Who will buy our product? And how segmentations will help us doing it ? To target the consumers we can say that Apple Computers Inc. is a company present on the national and the international scope, its target are all over the world. It is considered that the customers of the Apple products will look for these goods in new commercial centers and big buildings with great standards, in the nearest cities where they will find Apple Stores and iShops that are specialized boutiques.The target here will focus on persons living in cities and more urban regions where their concerns are more important. Apple is using a distribution channel based on self-providing, indeed, they do franchise the ir brand but, as we viewed earlier, they tend to limit the presence of the company that they are working with and so focus on themselves for easier targeting. For example: if companies are targeting young people, advertising should be done on specialized web sites or magazines for young people, The Times or The Independent aren’t good choices. Apple is marketing to people who have a few characteristics: Middle/Upper income persons that are willing to pay a bit more for a better user experience. Paying 1000 â‚ ¬ or more for a computer is not a huge deal if they have a decent income. * People who like to have fun with technology. No other platform offers as many entry-level tools. This includes people who like to shoot a lot of digital photos or video. It's the whole digital hub concept. People are starting to buy into it. * Music enthusiasts and fans aged from 12-35. * Professionals in media and design and engineers. Shops are going to represent Apple worldwidely it has to be in big ommercials centers with great standards of quality and hygiene. All the shops need to have the same organization, layouts, services and product. The client need the impressions that they are communicating directly with apple and not with a subcontracting agent. They are targeting people that can afford buying products in those premium places. Promotions are proposed nationally and internationnally with the  «Ã‚  apple standards  Ã‚ » by the representants. Billboards, flyers, e-mails and quite stunning adverts are ways to target families, students or professional photographs.However, there is a very controversial approach that could be discussed in the target market of the company chosen. Indeed, we can say that Apple do not target markets they target people. For example, Apple has never marketed Macs to enterprise customers, and only hired a very small sales crew to sell to such customers, but they have  been advertising the Macbook and its business-related applicati ons in The Wall Street Journal, Bloomberg BusinessWeek, and other business-friendly publications. Apple does not seem to target markets in the way other companies do. It targets people.It focuses on users. And Apple lets them decide how and where they’ll use the products. This is how great companies are built: they focus on individuals and build exceptional products for them; they let these individuals determine how best is to make use of the new technology provided. D. Provide definitions and need for positionning and apply it to your product. After a company has decided which market segments to enter, they must decide what ‘position' they want to occupy in those segments. A product's position is the place where the product occupies the consumers' minds.If a product were perceived to be exactly like another product on the market, consumers would have no reason to buy it. Market positioning gives a product a clear, distinctive and desirable place in the minds of target consumers compared with competing products. Marketers plan positions that distinguish their products from competing brands and give them the greatest strategic advantage in their target markets. Market  positioning  is the manipulation of a brand or family of brands to create a positive perception in the eyes of the public.If a product is well positioned, it will have strong sales, and it may become the go-to brand for people who need that particular product. Positioning is no doubt the single most important aspect of marketing in the globally competitive market place. With capitalism gaining popularity in most countries of the world, competition has increased greatly. A company not only needs to fight rivals in the local market. It also has to equip itself to compete against the world’s best companies. Companies are improving their products and offering them at competitive prices.A good quality product is no longer a guarantee for success. Positioning has to be managed a t every point where the customer comes in contact with the company, from personal sales to online communication to telephonic interaction. This is the only effective way of avoiding any confusion about the product in the mind of the customer. So what has Apple done in recent history to the Macintosh product line to demonstrate this premium positioning? It is widely recognized that Apple is a premium brand that demands and earns a price premium.This price premium spans the entire Apple product lineup with the Macintosh, iPod, iPhone, software, and accessories. Apple's positioning is aligned with targeting a less price sensitive customer. As a result, Apple's culture and internal activities are structured to meet the needs of these customers, strategists call this needs-based positioning. Apple has thus created a culture and a set of activities to differentiate themselves from rivals in order to meet the needs of their target customers.Apple has positioned itself to a certain type of customer, wealthy people, innovators, people with good jobs, good lifestyle, etc. If Apple targets the poor man type, the trendy guys will stop buying Apples, because everybody can and Apple is not the Porsche of the computers anymore, this would hurt more the brand than maybe the increasing sales because of lower prices, and in good times, where everybody has more money, Apple would have the problem that they cannot rise prices, because everybody expects a cheap Apple product.If Apple were to attempt to compete for all customer segments, it would have to lower product prices. The danger with such an approach is that it would not only undermine and erode the company's premium brand image but it would also undermine the company's culture and internal activities. Each new Mac revision has either maintained or been subjected to modest price increase while Apple has simultaneously improved product features. A few examples include the introduction of the unibody MacBook and MacBook Pro, larger displays on the iMac, and the replacement of the 599â‚ ¬ Mac mini with a higher priced (999â‚ ¬) model.Years| Sales in Million| |   | 2006| 5,200,000. 00| 2007| 6,905,000. 00| 2008| 9,550,000. 00| 2009| 10,350,000. 00| 2010| 13,425,000. 00| 2011| 7,770,000. 00| 1. From 2006 to 2007 the Macbook Pro is in development process. 2. From 2007 to 2008, Apple introduces the product. 3. From 2008 to 2009, it is the growth of the laptop. 4. From 2009 to 2010, the Macintosh observes its maturity period. 5. And finally, from 2010 to 2011 the curve is starting to decline.REFERENCING Kotler, P (et. Al. ), Principles of Marketing, Prentice Hall Europe, 1999 Kotler, P (et. Al. ), Marketing Management, Prentice Hall Europe, 2002 William J. Stanton,  Fundamentals of marketing, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1964 Apple website viewed on the 18th November, http://www. apple. com Apple website viewed on the 19th November, http://www. apple. com/why-mac/ Google website viewed on the 20, 21 and the 22nd of November, www. google. com Elmer-DeWitt P, April 9, 2011 11:56 AM, How many Macs did Apple sell last quarter, viewed on the 20th November, http://tech. fortune. cnn. com/2011/04/09/how-many-macs-did-apple-sell-last-quarter/

Math Is More Than It All Demands Analytical Thinking

From finding the derivative of an equation to observing the blueprints of the building you work in, math’s everywhere and it all demands analytical thinking. The human brain loves simplicity and writing is just the opposite; a powerful tool in its most complex form. It allows letters to form words to form pictures in a reader’s mind. Throughout the years, I’ve realized math is more than just numbers, writing is more than words, science is more than the facts, and history is more than just dates. The realization and the admiration of the four core subjects school has to offer has allowed me to succeed in every classroom and in life. Growing up, I sat in the back of the class, barely speaking a word to anyone. Though I seemed to lack the confidence gene, I excelled on my own. My work spoke for me. My mom always tells me how I’d come home from first grade and I’d immediately sit at the kitchen table and finish my homework before dinner. I did that every day after school until graduation. School requires hard work, especially when it came to physics and calculus, but I enjoyed the challenge. I never feared asking for help. Because of that, I managed to take every advanced placement class available to me and appear on the honor roll every year. My strong efforts resulted winning several awards. Sophomore year, I appeared in the United States Achievement Academy National Language Arts Award. I realized hard work pays off and branching out will lead to much more. I decided to joinShow MoreRelatedCreativity Is Important For Our Future1227 Words   |  5 Pagesbeliefs of John Calhoun would see that creati vity is important as an accessory to the science and math courses taught at colleges (Calhoun). Nevertheless, creativity is seen as a vital resource for the young adults of America because this type of intuitive thinking is seen as a necessity for future innovation. 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Personal Narrative Crazy Is The Best Way Too Describe...

Compare and Contrast essay Freshman year of high school at a youth event my best friend Julia walked up and introduced herself to me. Our then boyfriends played on the same football team and were friends. We had known about each other through mutual friends and we were nervous to meet each other. Comparing myself to Julia makes me see how I appear to others, we have similar lives, yet also have some differences in them. Crazy is the best way too describe Julia or Jules as I call her. She has the funniest personality, she is goofy and bubbly. Laughter is mostly all that flows from her, she stays in a constant state of giggles and smiles. If you re her friend she will talk your ears off, but if she doesn t know you then she’ll be very reserved and quiet. She tends to crack these lame jokes that only she and I find funny, everyone else doesn t find it humorous. She is compassionate and loves people. Ever since I met her, she has always been a people person. Although she has a lot of positive personality t raits she has some negative ones. She is a people person, however sometimes she turns into a people pleaser and tries to make everyone like her. She tends to get down on herself and criticizes harshly when others dont like her or something doesnt go her way. My personality is a whole lot like Julia’s, however there are some differences. She is crazy with a side of cranky. Whereas I am crazy with a side of happy. I am a very

Horse Dealer s Daughter Implications Of Patriarchal...

Horse Dealer’s Daughter†: Ramifications of Patriarchal Society on the Main Protagonist â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal (WILL ADD SOURCE NAME HERE). To many, the famous opening lines of the Declaration of Independence were intertwined heavily with the underlying infrastructure of a nation of â€Å"equality and freedom. Yet, if such words were to be â€Å"self-evident, where is the mention of women? It is simply absent. During the Age of Enlightenment, patriarchal society deemed women to be â€Å"less† than men. To quote from Barbara Cutter’s work, Gender Oppression During the Age of Enlightenment, â€Å"The idea of enlightened reason excluded women because of what was seen by many as their innate feminine characteristics, which were viewed as inferior, weak and childlike† (Cutter). While the era brought around revolutionary ideas that changed both the American and European forefront, women were entirely excluded from societal progress because their â€Å"innate feminine characteristics [...] were i nferior, weak and childlike† (Cutter). As a consequence, there were societal norms constructed for women that were highly destructive. However, while the ideas of feminine oppression were prevalent throughout the 1700’s, authors incorporate a distinctive theme of oppression towards women into their literature during the era. Specifically, in the well-acclaimed short story,†The Horse Dealer’s Daughter, author D. H. Lawrence crafts a narrative about a

Effect of Piped Music on Anxiety-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Effect of piped music on anxiety. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this research is to highlight the fact that whether any kind of piped music can help to fight anxiety disorder of the patients or it does not. In this research, the research scholar presents detailed study, which he conducted on the patients of a psychotherapist who asked him to conduct a social research on this issue on her patients waiting for consultation in the reception hall. It has been suggested from the ages that listening to music can positively impact on the psychological state of people as it is believed that the sound of piped music can effectively reduce the stress factors (Hsu, Chen Hsiep, 2016). As the psychotherapist has invited the research scholar to conduct a study in her reception hall, the researcher decided to study approximately 25 patients of the therapist and they will be exposed to a standard stress test after conditioning their mind with some sort of piped music for half an hour. In this paper, various relevant literature and theories will b e studied and then relevant stress tests will be performed. Primary data will be collected and analyzed in order to disclose the results. Literature review and hypothesis It has been widely believed that light soothing music, especially music of piped instruments can significantly help to reduce any kind of stress and the social research conducted by the research scholar in the reception of a psychotherapist is to justify the reliability of this idea (Gan, Lim Haw, 2016). This literature provides a limited number of investigations done by the researcher and provides a hypothesis that is yet to be proved. As the sample size is smaller and the patients of the psychotherapists come with various types of psychological disorders, the results of the test might have some shortcomings. When the researcher exposed 25 male and female patients to the stress test after conditioning their brain with soft piped music for more than half an hour, the salivary cortisol, heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, subjective anxiety and perception of stress is assessed and recorded for the research work. Later, the researcher again asked the respondents to go through th e stress test without prior listening to any piped music or any kinds of music. It has been seen that the new test results did not significantly vary from the results which were taken earlier after conditioning the patients with the piped music. For very few of the patients the test results changed in a significant manner (Hole et al., 2015). Apart from the stress test, the research scholar took interview of the patients and also distributed a questionnaire to them so that they can give their views and that would help the researcher to come to a conclusion. According to Chang (2015), it can be said that the root of the anxiety disorder of the patients are the determining factors whether the music of piped instrument can lower the stress factors or not. Thus it can be said that effectiveness off the piped music in reducing stress is strictly case specific and no one can draw a proper conclusion with a compact result for this case. It is widely known that music can help to initiate th e multitude of cognitive process of the brain and also can influence processes which are strictly stress related. On the other hand, according to Gallego and Garca (2017), it is also believed that listening to piped music can majorly influence the cognitive processes which are related to stress and the previous stress test taken by the researcher concluded that piped music can at times lowers the perceived stress and anxiety which are related to anxiety and stress (Simavli et al., 2014). In this regard, it can be said that listening to piped music somehow alters the level of relaxation in the minds of the respondents under the stressful context. It is also seen that listening to any kind relaxing soothing of music can o some extent trigger the level of activity of the parts of brain which takes active parts in modulating the level of anxiety in the human brain. It can also be said that the inadequacy of the study in this context and the lack of respondents can reduce the accuracy of the research work and to determine the effects of piped music on the SAA levels or on the stress-induced cortisols (Gan, Lim Haw, 2016). In this particular context it can be said that the effectiveness of the research is limited as the research work is done under laboratory like environment and the sample size is significantly small. Research questions RQ 1. Does listening to piped music reduce the level of anxiety? RQ2. Does listening to piped music helps people to relax when they are facing any type of anxiety? Research hypothesis RH 1. Sound of piped music can reduce stress level of some of the individuals who are suffering from minor psychological disorders. RH 0. Listening to piped music would not impact on the anxiety disorder of the respondents. Methodology Philosophy of the research Positivism, post positivism, realism and interpretivism are the frequently used research philosophies. The realism philosophy induces the researcher to get involved with the incessant process of the research though at times it is not at all possible to get the results. Positivism philosophy can help to make the scientific observations and helps to contact the analyzed statistical data. In this regard, only the process that is scientific can properly utilize this philosophy of positivism (Lewis, 2015). For this particular social research the research scholar has chosen post positivism philosophy to study the existing theories regarding the issue and also to study the background knowledge. It can be said that the difficulties in the data collection method makes adopting the philosophy of positivism difficult in research works. The interpretivism philosophy helps to make significant observation by studying the viewpoint of the respondents that are related to the social research. In this way, the research scholar can identify the biases effects and this particular philosophy focuses on the quantitative along with the qualitative methods. Design of the research Some of the widely known or adopted research designs are exploratory, explanatory and descriptive type of designs. The explanatory design helps to realize the causes of occurrences regarding any specific phenomenon with accordance to the research topic along with predicting the future incidence of any likewise form of the phenomenon (Choy, 2014). The explanatory design of research takes in the ways that interrelate and often come together. Exploratory design of research works helps to adopt the best designs of researches and also to adopt the accurate methods for data collection and to choose the subjects. The major focus of the exploratory design of research would be on the constructing the rationale and on the problems and clarifications of the research statement along with the various concepts to examine the concepts related to the research work. On the other hand, the design of descriptive research can be stated as a combination of explanatory and exploratory research designs (Le wis, 2015). The descriptive types of researches can surly be defined as a fact that tries to establish, recognize or describe what is, while the research efforts which are analytical establishes why it has been chosen. For this particular social research the researcher has adopted the descriptive type of research as it is the combination of the advantages of two research designs and to get accurate result, the researcher has chosen the descriptive design. The chief purpose of choosing descriptive design of research is to cast light on the contemporary issues regarding the method of data collection that enables them to describe the circumstances without employing the method (Gast Ledford, 2014).The descriptive types of research works cannot take into account the specific situation causing factors. Approach of the research Inductive and deductive are the two mostly adopted research approaches. The deductive approach is dependent on the explanation of the researcher and the inductive approach is based on the formulation of new ideas along with the existing theories (Lewis, 2015). In the deductive approach the focus is on exploring new concepts or viewing previously published ideas with a new perspective. On the other hand, in the inductive approach the focus is on the quantitative data analysis and there is no presence of set rules for this. In this case, the researcher has chosen inductive approach for the research work as it would facilitate the researcher to supply accurate evidence regarding the result of the research work. Strategy of the research The research scholar will be interviewing 25 patients of the psychotherapist and also use questionnaire and conduct a stress test to get the outcome. Apart from that the researcher will depend on the various secondary data gathered from the medical journals, magazines and government websites. Target population The patients of the psychotherapist are the targeted respondents. As the psychotherapists patients are already suffering from psychological disorder regarding stress and various other issues; thus they can be perfect target population for conducting the research work. Sample size The sample size would be 25 as the target population will be the patients of the psychotherapist and there will not be enough scope to collect data from more respondents. Process of data collection The data collection processes are of two types; one is primary and the other one is secondary type of data collection. The primary type of data collection is done over face to face interviews with the respondents or by providing them with questionnaires and making surveys on a particular topic. On the other hand, as per Flick (2015), the secondary data can be gathered either from government websites, or from reputed magazines, books and journals. For this research work, the researcher has opted for primary type of data collection where he will be taking interview and also give the respondents a questionnaire to get to know their view points. Data analysis There are two basic types of data analysis one is qualitative and the other one is quantitative analysis. Qualitative data analysis can be seen as the range of procedures so that the research scholar can collect and understand the interpretations of the situations and the responses of the target population. On the other hand, quantitative data analysis is a systematic approach to investigate during the time of collection of numerical data. Quantitative analysis is to get the results; a quantitative data analysis should be done to analyze the gathered data by the researcher. Research rigour and anticipated limitations There are some limitations in this particular social research conducted by the scholar as the sample size is smaller. The researcher had to perform the tests and he collected data from the patients of the psychotherapist and he had to use the reception hall as a laboratory. Apart from that each individuals have different types of psychological problems and thus music cannot impact on every human minds in the same way. Naturally thus there are some limitations of this types of social research. Bibliography Bensimon, M., Einat, T., Gilboa, A. (2015). The impact of relaxing music on prisoners levels of anxiety and anger.International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology,59(4), 406-423. Chang, Y. S., Chu, H., Yang, C. Y., Tsai, J. C., Chung, M. H., Liao, Y. M., ... Chou, K. R. (2015). The efficacy of music therapy for people with dementia: a meta?analysis of randomised controlled trials.Journal of clinical nursing,24(23-24), 3425-3440. Choy, L. T. (2014). The strengths and weaknesses of research methodology: Comparison and complimentary between qualitative and quantitative approaches.IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science,19(4), 99-104. Finch, K., Moscovitch, D. A. (2016). Imagery-Based Interventions for Music Performance Anxiety.Medical problems of performing artists,31(4), 222-231. Flick, U. (2015).Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Gallego, M. G., Garca, J. G. (2017). Music therapy and Alzheimer's disease: Cognitive, psychological, and behavioural effects.Neurologa (English Edition),32(5), 300-308. Gan, S. K. E., Lim, K. M. J., Haw, Y. X. (2016). The relaxation effects of stimulative and sedative music on mathematics anxiety: A perception to physiology model.Psychology of Music,44(4), 730-741. Gast, D. L., Ledford, J. R. (Eds.). (2014).Single case research methodology: Applications in special education and behavioral sciences. Routledge. Gravetter, F.J., Forzano, L.B. (2016) Research Methods for Behavioral Sciences (5th Edition.) Hole, J., Hirsch, M., Ball, E., Meads, C. (2015). Music as an aid for postoperative recovery in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet,386(10004), 1659-1671. Hsu, K. C., Chen, L. F., Hsiep, P. H. (2016). Effect of music intervention on burn patients pain and anxiety during dressing changes.burns,42(8), 1789-1796. Jiang, J., Rickson, D., Jiang, C. (2016). The mechanism of music for reducing psychological stress: Music preference as a mediator.The Arts in Psychotherapy,48, 62-68. Lewis, S. (2015). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches.Health promotion practice,16(4), 473-475. Neuman, W. L., Robson, K. (2014).Basics of social research. Pearson Canada. Srkm, T., Laitinen, S., Numminen, A., Kurki, M., Johnson, J. K., Rantanen, P. (2016). Clinical and demographic factors associated with the cognitive and emotional efficacy of regular musical activities in dementia.Journal of Alzheimer's Disease,49(3), 767-781. Simavli, S., Gumus, I., Kaygusuz, I., Yildirim, M., Usluogullari, B., Kafali, H. (2014). Effect of music on labor pain relief, anxiety level and postpartum analgesic requirement: a randomized controlled clinical trial.Gynecologic and obstetric investigation,78(4), 244-250. Tan, F., Tengah, A., Nee, L. Y., Fredericks, S. (2014). A study of the effect of relaxing music on heart rate recovery after exercise among healthy students.Complementary therapies in clinical practice,20(2), 114-117. Thoma, M. V., Zemp, M., Kreienbhl, L., Hofer, D., Schmidlin, P. R., Attin, T., ... Nater, U. M. (2015). Effects of music listening on pre-treatment anxiety and stress levels in a dental hygiene recall population.International journal of behavioral medicine,22(4), 498-505. Yaman Akta?, Y., Karabulut, N. (2016). The effects of music therapy in endotracheal suctioning of mechanically ventilated patients.Nursing in critical care,21(1), 44-52. Zarza Alzugaray, F. J., Hernndez, S. O., Lpez, O. C., Gil, B. M. (2016). Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory: Confirmatory factor analysis of the Spanish version.Psychology of Music,44(3), 340-352.

Touro University Worldwide Essays - Health, Psychiatry,

Touro University Worldwide Professional Ethics Signature Assignment Fall 2017-1 October 22 , 2017 Tamerla Glenn Dr. Michael Hamlin Technological advances have opened many doors for the counseling field. These innovative changes incorporated the way services and information are disseminated and retrieved by therapist and client. This paper loos at the commonly uses of communication modalities ethical issues, code of ethics, advantages, and disadvantages with online counseling. This paper also looks at the California Telemedicine Development Act of 1996. Technology has become an intricate part of our daily lives. Computers and cell phones are tools utilized by many in homes, the workplace and have become valuable in the field of counseling. In today's society therapist are working in multiple locations, and experiencing extensive travel time to client locations. With the expanding growth and convenience of the Internet, many are wondering if online will replace traditional face-to-face encounters (Wilczenski Coomey, 2006). Technological advances have opened many doors for the counseling field, many mental health practitioners rely on computers and the Internet for some aspects of their work including e-mail, chat rooms and video conference. These innovative changes incorporate the way services and information are disseminated and retrieved by practitioners and client. Today an individual can receive therapy-related services via the Internet, these services are known by a variety of names. including e-therapy, e-counseling, cyber- counseling, web counseling and online counseling (Wilczenski Coomey, 2006). Online counseling is described as the process of interacting with a practitioner via the internet using an electric means of communication. E-mail, chat room, telephone, and video conference all play a major role in providing reliable services to clients; these modalities offer an alternative communication between practitioner and client. E-mail is the simplest method of communication and does not require an appointment when used during online counseling. The client sends an email with specific question and the practitioners to work with client using real-time communication. Chat room delivers immediate feedback between client and practitioner with no delay between response times (Sussman, 2004). The cell phone has become accepted as an effective communication tool, it is convenience for consultation, crisis intervention, and assessment. Although, body language is absent, during the conversation, the communication is much more intense, and to the point (Sussman, 2004). Mental health practitioners must be skilled and flexible to respond to the growing demand. Clients are reaching out for help via the Internet employing e-mail, chat rooms, and video conferences. Oravec (2000) describes an occasion in which the Internet was utilized for therapy by an individual suffering from depression from the unexpected news that her husband was diagnosed with cancer. As the husband condition deteriorated the wife found herself searching the Internet for the support in dealing with her husband's illness. The Internet proved to be a valuable tool during the crisis. Online counseling provided an outlet to manage her depression and offered support with her husband illness. Although online counseling possesses some benefits, several limitations can hinder individuals who choose to use these services. Sussman (2004) believes there are many advantages to online counseling and any issues can be resolved. Online counseling provides access to individuals in isolated and under-served areas. those that are physically disabled or ill, and individuals who are unwilling to seek face-to-face service. Individuals taking care of a sick relative or child would not have to make arrangements to travel to an office; services will be readily available from the home. Practitioners have access to a larger database of potential clients, develop a more specialized practice and have flexibility to their work schedule. An additional advantage, the entire session is persevered electronically, which will benefit from online counseling, it is not for everyone and should not be a substitute for traditional face-to-face counseling. Several disadvantages have also been noted by (Centore Milacci, 2008). A potential for miscommunication can occur because of nonverbal cues, which can make it difficult assessing the client. Practitioners cannot ensure confidentially and privacy, email communication can be intercepted by a third party or hackers. It can be difficult for a practitioner to intervene in an emergency situation and the misrepresentation by practitioners and clients is also a major concern. According to Heinlein, Welfel, Richmond, Rak (2003), although technological